Catalog > ECMWF AIFS Single forecast, virtual > Validation report

ECMWF AIFS Single forecast, virtual validation report

This dataset validation report plots a sample of values from the ECMWF AIFS Single forecast, virtual dataset over time and across space, comparing where possible to a previously validated reference dataset. It also reports the quantity of unavailable values and their associated timestamps. These analyses are one layer of a multi-layered dataset validation process we perform at dynamical.org and also provide users a preview of the dataset contents.

Report generation start time: 2026-09-17T16:48:39 UTC

Summary

This dataset has been reviewed and is ready for use.

One thing is worth knowing before you use the data, detailed in review notes below: soil moisture and runoff report water points differently before and after 12 May 2026.

What looks good

Geometry, orientation and coordinates are correct in every variable — north-up, −180° to +180° with no discontinuity at the map centre, coastlines and terrain features at their true positions, across the full 721 × 1440 global grid. The fixed orography fields place the Himalaya, Andes, Rockies, Greenland and the Antarctic plateau exactly where they belong, down to the Ellsworth Mountains.
Units and value ranges are physically plausible for all thirty-five variables, including temperatures in degrees Celsius, cloud cover in percent, and pressures in pascals.
Physically linked variables agree with each other. Total cloud cover is greater than or equal to every individual cloud layer; dew point stays below air temperature; convective precipitation never exceeds total precipitation; surface pressure sits below mean-sea-level pressure over high terrain and equals it over the ocean; and the accumulated fields increase steadily through each forecast from zero.
The data agrees with an independent reference. For the variables also carried by the NOAA GEFS analysis dataset, value distributions overlap closely and maps agree.
No numerical banding, stair-stepping, stuck values, placeholder values or unit jumps appear in any map or time series.
Availability is complete apart from the one forecast listed below: 3,597 of the 3,598 forecasts in the archive have all sixty-one of their forecast steps.
Every sampled reference decoded. The decode-health check read 2,521 references spread across twenty forecasts, five forecast steps and three pressure levels, and none failed.
Values run smoothly through November 2024 to February 2025, the months whose forecasts are read from ECMWF's copy on Amazon Web Services rather than its copy on Google Cloud, with no step, spike or flat segment against the months either side.

Review notes

Forecast 2025-01-21T06:00 is missing four of its sixty-one steps: hours 0, 12, 192 and 270. Neither of ECMWF's public copies of the open data has complete files for them. Every other forecast in the archive has all of its source files.
Water points in soil moisture and runoff changed from zero to missing at forecast 2026-05-12T06:00. Before that forecast, volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1, volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2 and runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface report values over water, almost all of them zero; from it, they report missing (NaN) on 64.0% of grid cells.
Variable additions. ECMWF added variables to the archive over time.
- 2025-02-24T06:00: wind_u_100m, wind_v_100m, total_cloud_cover_atmosphere, low_cloud_cover, medium_cloud_cover, high_cloud_cover, total_precipitation_run_total_surface, convective_precipitation_run_total_surface, downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface, downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface, snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface, runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface, soil_temperature_layer_1, soil_temperature_layer_2, volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1, volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2, slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface, standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface.
- 2026-05-12T06:00: the 10 hPa pressure level, for every pressure_level variable except specific_humidity.
- 2026-05-13T00:00: snow_area_fraction_surface.

Datasets

Role	Name	ID	Version	URL
Validation	ECMWF AIFS Single forecast, virtual	`ecmwf-aifs-single-forecast-virtual`	`v0.2.0`	`s3://dynamical-ecmwf-aifs-single/ecmwf-aifs-single-forecast-virtual/v0.2.0.icechunk`
Reference	NOAA GEFS analysis	`noaa-gefs-analysis`	`0.1.2`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-analysis/v0.1.2.icechunk/`

Run parameters

Parameter	Value
Validation dataset type	forecast
Validation time range	init_time 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2026-09-17T06:00
Reference time range	time 2000-01-01T00:00 → 2026-09-17T12:00
Point 1	lat=40.0000, lon=-100.0000
Point 2	lat=0.0000, lon=-140.0000
Spatial comparison time	init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)
Timeseries period	init=2026-06-01T00:00
Vertical level	middle level per vertical dim
Store type	virtual — availability manifest-probed; value series sampled

Availability

The plot below shows the availability of each variable over time — light red marks unavailable data, dark green marks present data.

availability heatmap

Variable	Complete positions	Incomplete %	First incomplete	Last incomplete
`convective_precipitation_run_total_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`geopotential_height_surface`	3597/3598	0.03%	2025-01-21T06:00	2025-01-21T06:00
`high_cloud_cover`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`land_sea_mask_surface`	3597/3598	0.03%	2025-01-21T06:00	2025-01-21T06:00
`low_cloud_cover`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`medium_cloud_cover`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`snow_area_fraction_surface`	510/3598	85.83%	2024-04-01T00:00	2026-05-12T18:00
`snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`soil_temperature_layer_1`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`soil_temperature_layer_2`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`total_precipitation_run_total_surface`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`wind_u_100m`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00
`wind_v_100m`	2281/3598	36.60%	2024-04-01T00:00	2025-02-24T00:00

Unavailable timestamps: unavailable_timestamps.txt

Decode health

2521 references decoded successfully, sampled across 20 of 3598 append-dim regions, 5 leads and 3 levels per group variable.

Per-variable details

`convective_precipitation_run_total_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Convective precipitation
short_name	cp
standard_name	convective_precipitation_amount
step_type	accum

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.2567	4.002
P2	0	0.1799	5.22

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	1.124	45.41

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	24.41	42.09
P2 Validation	0	0.8444	1.992

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

convective_precipitation_run_total_surface — full-period value time series

convective_precipitation_run_total_surface — spatial comparison

convective_precipitation_run_total_surface — time series comparison

convective_precipitation_run_total_surface — availability over append dim

`dew_point_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre dewpoint temperature
short_name	2d
standard_name	dew_point_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-22.65	5.875	22.49
P2	18.76	22.26	25.07

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-77.61	2.439	28.23

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	3.707	14.3	20.95
P2 Validation	22.11	22.94	24.57

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

dew_point_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

dew_point_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — time series comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W s m-2`
long_name	Surface long-wave (thermal) radiation downwards
short_name	strd
standard_name	integral_wrt_time_of_surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	accum

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	4.102e+06	7.005e+06	9.053e+06
P2	8.023e+06	8.69e+06	9.522e+06

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	4.466e+06	2.699e+07	4.028e+07

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	2.413e+08	4.747e+08
P2 Validation	0	2.661e+08	5.325e+08

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — full-period value time series

downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — spatial comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — time series comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — availability over append dim

`downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W s m-2`
long_name	Surface short-wave (solar) radiation downwards
short_name	ssrd
standard_name	integral_wrt_time_of_surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	accum

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	4.576e+06	1.586e+07
P2	0	5.976e+06	2.017e+07

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	1.437e+07	3.52e+07

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	1.759e+08	3.757e+08
P2 Validation	0	1.621e+08	3.34e+08

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — full-period value time series

downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — spatial comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — time series comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_run_total_surface — availability over append dim

`geopotential_height_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant
comment	Surface (orography) geopotential height. Time-invariant field published at lead time 0 only.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	n/a	n/a	n/a
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	NaN	NaN	NaN

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	719.6	719.6	719.6
P2 Validation	-0.04568	-0.04568	-0.04568

Availability — 3597 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2025-01-21T06:00 → 2025-01-21T06:00)

geopotential_height_surface — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_surface — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_surface — time series comparison

geopotential_height_surface — availability over append dim

`high_cloud_cover`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	High cloud cover
short_name	hcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	34.97	100
P2	0	32.27	99.65

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	35.21	100

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	41.84	100
P2 Validation	9.846	56.49	97.89

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

high_cloud_cover — full-period value time series

high_cloud_cover — time series comparison

high_cloud_cover — availability over append dim

`land_sea_mask_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Land-sea mask
short_name	lsm
standard_name	land_area_fraction
step_type	instant
comment	Fraction (0-1) of the grid box that is land. Time-invariant field published at lead time 0 only.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	n/a	n/a	n/a
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	NaN	NaN	NaN

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1	1	1
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 3597 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2025-01-21T06:00 → 2025-01-21T06:00)

land_sea_mask_surface — full-period value time series

land_sea_mask_surface — spatial comparison

land_sea_mask_surface — time series comparison

land_sea_mask_surface — availability over append dim

`low_cloud_cover`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Low cloud cover
short_name	lcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	16.68	100
P2	0.08203	21.83	75.64

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	43.44	100

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	4.593	43.01
P2 Validation	0	17.25	39.18

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

low_cloud_cover — full-period value time series

low_cloud_cover — time series comparison

low_cloud_cover — availability over append dim

`medium_cloud_cover`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Medium cloud cover
short_name	mcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	17.44	100
P2	0	5.484	86.12

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	29.11	100

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	19.43	74.48
P2 Validation	0	1.61	17.04

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

medium_cloud_cover — full-period value time series

medium_cloud_cover — time series comparison

medium_cloud_cover — availability over append dim

`pressure_level/geopotential_height`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant
sampled level	pressure_level=300

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h, pressure_level=300

Point	min	mean	max
P1	8784	9427	9837
P2	9616	9707	9783

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	7978	9166	9775

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9352	9558	9679
P2 Validation	9719	9744	9772

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_level/geopotential_height — full-period value time series

pressure_level/geopotential_height — spatial comparison

pressure_level/geopotential_height — time series comparison

pressure_level/geopotential_height — availability over append dim

`pressure_level/specific_humidity`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Specific humidity
short_name	q
standard_name	specific_humidity
step_type	instant
sampled level	pressure_level=300
comment	The source provides no 10 hPa level for this variable; that level is always NaN.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h, pressure_level=300

Point	min	mean	max
P1	1.97e-06	0.0001452	0.0007162
P2	2.193e-05	0.0002013	0.0007894

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.0001415	0.001501

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	2.775e-05	0.0002171	0.0006356
P2 Validation	4.904e-05	0.0002775	0.0009122

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_level/specific_humidity — full-period value time series

pressure_level/specific_humidity — spatial comparison

pressure_level/specific_humidity — time series comparison

pressure_level/specific_humidity — availability over append dim

`pressure_level/temperature`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Temperature
short_name	t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant
sampled level	pressure_level=300

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h, pressure_level=300

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-54.67	-40.2	-27.96
P2	-34.64	-30.26	-26.62

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-67.32	-42.53	-21.93

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-41.75	-36.32	-31.4
P2 Validation	-31.39	-28.92	-27.35

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_level/temperature — full-period value time series

pressure_level/temperature — spatial comparison

pressure_level/temperature — time series comparison

pressure_level/temperature — availability over append dim

`pressure_level/vertical_velocity`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa s-1`
long_name	Vertical velocity
short_name	w
standard_name	lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure
step_type	instant
sampled level	pressure_level=300

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h, pressure_level=300

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-1.088	-0.003621	0.3828
P2	-0.4872	0.01821	0.1598

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-2.09	-0.000917	1.3

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-0.5767	-0.02138	0.3539
P2 Validation	-0.07312	0.01719	0.1441

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_level/vertical_velocity — full-period value time series

pressure_level/vertical_velocity — spatial comparison

pressure_level/vertical_velocity — time series comparison

pressure_level/vertical_velocity — availability over append dim

`pressure_level/wind_u`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	U component of wind
short_name	u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant
sampled level	pressure_level=300

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h, pressure_level=300

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-4.528	20.54	60.3
P2	-21.23	3.215	35.49

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-46.34	13.35	78.88

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-0.6094	17.06	52.67
P2 Validation	-11.54	-6.148	-1.042

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_level/wind_u — full-period value time series

pressure_level/wind_u — spatial comparison

pressure_level/wind_u — time series comparison

pressure_level/wind_u — availability over append dim

`pressure_level/wind_v`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	V component of wind
short_name	v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant
sampled level	pressure_level=300

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h, pressure_level=300

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-60.25	-1.469	47.8
P2	-19.2	-1.273	15.17

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-61.98	-0.1691	58.86

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-36.94	5.405	39.19
P2 Validation	-10.92	0.1193	7.668

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_level/wind_v — full-period value time series

pressure_level/wind_v — spatial comparison

pressure_level/wind_v — time series comparison

pressure_level/wind_v — availability over append dim

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Pressure reduced to MSL
short_name	prmsl
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.938e+04	1.016e+05	1.043e+05
P2	1.006e+05	1.011e+05	1.016e+05

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.453e+04	1.008e+05	1.038e+05
Reference	9.466e+04	1.009e+05	1.052e+05

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.964e+04	1.011e+05	1.022e+05
P1 Reference	9.997e+04	1.011e+05	1.024e+05
P2 Validation	1.008e+05	1.011e+05	1.014e+05
P2 Reference	1.008e+05	1.011e+05	1.015e+05

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — time series comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — availability over append dim

`pressure_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Surface pressure
short_name	sp
standard_name	surface_air_pressure
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.124e+04	9.326e+04	9.505e+04
P2	1.006e+05	1.011e+05	1.016e+05

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	4.9e+04	9.652e+04	1.047e+05
Reference	5.072e+04	9.65e+04	1.037e+05

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.158e+04	9.298e+04	9.389e+04
P1 Reference	9.184e+04	9.289e+04	9.395e+04
P2 Validation	1.008e+05	1.011e+05	1.014e+05
P2 Reference	1.008e+05	1.011e+05	1.015e+05

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

pressure_surface — full-period value time series

pressure_surface — time series comparison

pressure_surface — availability over append dim

`runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Runoff water equivalent (surface plus subsurface)
short_name	rowe
standard_name	runoff_amount
step_type	accum
comment	Applies over land only. Water points are NaN from init time 2026-05-12T06:00 and unmasked before it.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.5223	62.27

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — full-period value time series

runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — spatial comparison

runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — time series comparison

runoff_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — availability over append dim

`skin_temperature_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Skin temperature
short_name	skt
standard_name	surface_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-19.2	14.53	41.94
P2	23.57	25.95	29.93

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-75.73	7.164	49.27

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	11.48	24.13	37.13
P2 Validation	28	28.28	28.61

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

skin_temperature_surface — full-period value time series

skin_temperature_surface — spatial comparison

skin_temperature_surface — time series comparison

skin_temperature_surface — availability over append dim

`slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Slope of sub-gridscale orography
short_name	slor
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant
comment	Time-invariant field published at lead time 0 only.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	n/a	n/a	n/a
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	NaN	NaN	NaN

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.003266	0.003266	0.003266
P2 Validation	9.999e-05	9.999e-05	9.999e-05

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — full-period value time series

slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — spatial comparison

slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — time series comparison

slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — availability over append dim

`snow_area_fraction_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Snow cover
short_name	snowc
standard_name	surface_snow_area_fraction
step_type	instant
comment	Fraction (0-1) of the grid box covered by snow. Applies over land only; NaN over water, except at forecast hour 0, which has values over water: 0 over open ocean and up to 1 in polar seas.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.3891	1

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 510 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2026-05-12T18:00)

$snow_area_fraction_surface — full-period value time series$ $snow_area_fraction_surface — spatial comparison$ $snow_area_fraction_surface — time series comparison$ $snow_area_fraction_surface — availability over append dim$

`snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Snowfall water equivalent
short_name	sf
standard_name	snowfall_amount
step_type	accum

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.009223	1.068
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.35	25.43

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — full-period value time series

snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — spatial comparison

snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — time series comparison

snowfall_water_equivalent_run_total_surface — availability over append dim

`soil_temperature_layer_1`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Soil temperature
short_name	sot
standard_name	soil_temperature
step_type	instant
comment	ECMWF soil level 1, the uppermost soil layer. Over water this is the sea surface temperature, not a soil temperature.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-7.434	15.31	33.65
P2	23.7	26.48	29.98

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-57.04	8.411	48.93

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	15.11	24.14	31.83
P2 Validation	28.48	28.57	28.69

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

soil_temperature_layer_1 — full-period value time series

soil_temperature_layer_1 — spatial comparison

soil_temperature_layer_1 — time series comparison

soil_temperature_layer_1 — availability over append dim

`soil_temperature_layer_2`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Soil temperature
short_name	sot
standard_name	soil_temperature
step_type	instant
comment	ECMWF soil level 2, the second soil layer from the surface. Over water this is the sea surface temperature, not a soil temperature.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-3.087	14.97	27.82
P2	23.48	26.46	29.99

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-56.88	8.544	43.43

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	20.43	22.85	26.04
P2 Validation	28.54	28.64	28.71

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

soil_temperature_layer_2 — full-period value time series

soil_temperature_layer_2 — spatial comparison

soil_temperature_layer_2 — time series comparison

soil_temperature_layer_2 — availability over append dim

`standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Standard deviation of sub-gridscale orography
short_name	sdor
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant
comment	Time-invariant field published at lead time 0 only.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	n/a	n/a	n/a
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	NaN	NaN	NaN

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	11.7	11.7	11.7
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — full-period value time series

standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — spatial comparison

standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — time series comparison

standard_deviation_of_sub_gridscale_orography_surface — availability over append dim

`temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre temperature
short_name	2t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-19.97	13.86	36.25
P2	22.82	25.59	29.72

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-74.01	7.061	39.84
Reference	-69.5	7.225	38.25

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	11	22.89	32.58
P1 Reference	12.5	23.06	36
P2 Validation	27.11	27.8	28.18
P2 Reference	26.75	27.63	28.25

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

temperature_2m — full-period value time series

temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Total cloud cover
short_name	tcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	46.76	100
P2	0.7715	47.49	99.65

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	66.96	100
Reference	0	60.13	100

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	51.43	100
P1 Reference	0	36.48	100
P2 Validation	28.29	65.65	97.89
P2 Reference	0	49.9	100

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — full-period value time series

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — spatial comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — time series comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`total_column_water_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Total column water
short_name	tcw
standard_name	atmosphere_mass_content_of_water
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	1.405	19.2	48.59
P2	23.19	37.37	68.94

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	20.13	80.66

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	11.47	27	40.91
P2 Validation	34.94	42.08	49.56

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

total_column_water_atmosphere — full-period value time series

total_column_water_atmosphere — spatial comparison

total_column_water_atmosphere — time series comparison

total_column_water_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`total_precipitation_run_total_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Total precipitation
short_name	tp
standard_name	precipitation_amount
step_type	accum

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.4805	8.851
P2	0	0.3128	11.8

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	2.416	177.9

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	31.31	52.86
P2 Validation	0	1.232	3.016

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

total_precipitation_run_total_surface — full-period value time series

total_precipitation_run_total_surface — spatial comparison

total_precipitation_run_total_surface — time series comparison

total_precipitation_run_total_surface — availability over append dim

`volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Volumetric soil moisture
short_name	vsw
standard_name	volume_fraction_of_condensed_water_in_soil
step_type	instant
comment	ECMWF soil level 1, the uppermost soil layer. Applies over land only. Water points are NaN from init time 2026-05-12T06:00 and unmasked before it.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0.115	0.2282	0.4049
P2	0	7.336e-07	7.629e-05

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.2199	0.768

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.0947	0.2174	0.2897
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1 — full-period value time series

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1 — spatial comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1 — time series comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_1 — availability over append dim

`volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Volumetric soil moisture
short_name	vsw
standard_name	volume_fraction_of_condensed_water_in_soil
step_type	instant
comment	ECMWF soil level 2, the second soil layer from the surface. Applies over land only. Water points are NaN from init time 2026-05-12T06:00 and unmasked before it.

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0.1496	0.2421	0.4201
P2	0	1.951e-05	0.0009613

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.2334	0.7548

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.1442	0.1839	0.2175
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2 — full-period value time series

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2 — spatial comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2 — time series comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_layer_2 — availability over append dim

`wind_u_100m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	100 metre U wind component
short_name	100u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-9.865	-0.4812	9.305
P2	-10.88	-6.276	1.269

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-27.93	0.9516	29.45
Reference	-27.25	0.9548	31.25

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-7.743	-0.2964	11.24
P1 Reference	-12.25	-1.519	6.562
P2 Validation	-5.832	-3.125	0.4006
P2 Reference	-6.75	-2.74	0.8359

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

wind_u_100m — full-period value time series

wind_u_100m — availability over append dim

`wind_u_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre U wind component
short_name	10u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-5.785	-0.2016	6.606
P2	-9.396	-5.748	1.83

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-20.76	0.712	22.91
Reference	-22	0.6821	26.75

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-5.374	-0.3105	7.652
P1 Reference	-7.125	-1.066	3.875
P2 Validation	-5.318	-2.904	0.382
P2 Reference	-6.062	-2.469	0.7969

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

wind_u_10m — full-period value time series

wind_u_10m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_100m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	100 metre V wind component
short_name	100v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-12.4	0.08619	12.13
P2	-4.109	1.383	7.414

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-26.07	0.4197	31.36
Reference	-29.5	0.4874	34

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-6.664	3.262	11.62
P1 Reference	-16.5	2.286	19.25
P2 Validation	1.548	3.375	5.657
P2 Reference	0.4883	4.102	7.188

Availability — 2281 of 3598 positions complete (incomplete 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2025-02-24T00:00)

wind_v_100m — full-period value time series

wind_v_100m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre V wind component
short_name	10v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T06:00, sampled lead=6h

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-8.982	0.1604	9.385
P2	-4.059	1.152	6.71

Spatial — init=2026-06-01T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-06-02T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-18.82	0.4338	23.38
Reference	-23.75	0.469	27

Temporal — init=2026-06-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-4.11	1.954	7.333
P1 Reference	-10.38	1.352	14
P2 Validation	1.456	3.156	5.274
P2 Reference	0.4727	3.734	6.562

Availability — 3598 of 3598 positions complete

wind_v_10m — full-period value time series

wind_v_10m — availability over append dim