Catalog > NOAA GEFS analysis, 0.25 degree, virtual > Validation report

NOAA GEFS analysis, 0.25 degree, virtual validation report

This dataset validation report plots a sample of values from the NOAA GEFS analysis, 0.25 degree, virtual dataset over time and across space, comparing where possible to a previously validated reference dataset. It also reports the quantity of unavailable values and their associated timestamps. These analyses are one layer of a multi-layered dataset validation process we perform at dynamical.org and also provide users a preview of the dataset contents.

Report generation start time: 2026-09-18T00:27:42 UTC

Summary

This dataset has been reviewed and is ready for use.

What looks good

Every source file the dataset draws on is present, at all 17,424 timestamps. Nothing is missing anywhere in the record.
A sample of 736 stored chunks spread across the record decoded cleanly.
Geometry, coordinates and spatial extent are correct for all 38 variables — north at the top, longitudes running -180 to +180 with no seam, coastlines on their true coordinates, full global coverage, and no visible banding from over-compression.
Values match the reference dataset to rounding wherever the separately built NOAA GEFS analysis carries the same variable. This dataset keeps the source's full precision, where the reference is slightly rounded.
Units are as labelled — temperatures in degrees Celsius, snow water equivalent in metres, pressures in pascals — with no scale change or drift anywhere in the six-year record.
Timing is correct: the daily cycles of solar radiation and 2 metre temperature, and the twice-daily atmospheric pressure tide, all line up with the reference.
Physical cross-checks hold — dew point stays below temperature, reflected sunlight tracks surface brightness, convective energy and inhibition occur together, precipitation-type flags stay mutually exclusive and seasonally sensible.
Every quirk described in a variable's comment attribute behaves as described, and no undocumented no-data value appears in any variable's distribution.

Review notes

Known bad values

Storm relative helicity is an unusable flat field at 66 of the 17,424 timestamps (0.38%), scattered through the record. Each affected field repeats a single value over more than 99% of the globe, and in 65 of the 66 that value falls inside the physically plausible range — so the "mask absolute values above 2,000" rule in the variable's comment attribute does not remove them. These values come from the source files as published. Drop the variable at the times listed in storm_relative_helicity_bad_timestamps.txt. No other variable is affected at any timestamp.

Variable additions

Four variables were added after the start of the archive by the source.
- 2022-10-18T12:00: visibility, percent frozen precipitation and cloud ceiling height.
- 2021-07-20T12:00: mean sea level pressure by the Eta model method.

Datasets

Role	Name	ID	Version	URL
Validation	NOAA GEFS analysis, 0.25 degree, virtual	`noaa-gefs-analysis-0-25-degree-virtual`	`v0.1.0`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-analysis-0-25-degree-virtual/v0.1.0.icechunk`
Reference	NOAA GEFS analysis	`noaa-gefs-analysis`	`0.1.2`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-analysis/v0.1.2.icechunk/`

Run parameters

Parameter	Value
Validation dataset type	analysis
Validation time range	time 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2026-09-17T21:00
Reference time range	time 2000-01-01T00:00 → 2026-09-17T18:00
Point 1	lat=40.0000, lon=-100.0000
Point 2	lat=25.0000, lon=-45.0000
Spatial comparison time	2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)
Timeseries period	2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00
Store type	virtual — availability manifest-probed; value series sampled

Availability

The plot below shows the availability of each variable over time — light red marks unavailable data, dark green marks present data.

availability heatmap

Variable	Complete positions	Incomplete %	First incomplete	Last incomplete
`geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling`	11444/17424	34.32%	2020-10-01T00:00	2022-10-18T09:00
`percent_frozen_precipitation_surface`	11444/17424	34.32%	2020-10-01T00:00	2022-10-18T09:00
`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model`	15084/17424	13.43%	2020-10-01T00:00	2021-07-20T09:00
`visibility_surface`	11444/17424	34.32%	2020-10-01T00:00	2022-10-18T09:00

Decode health

736 references decoded successfully, sampled across 20 of 17424 append-dim regions, 5 leads and 3 levels per group variable.

Per-variable details

`categorical_freezing_rain_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical freezing rain
short_name	cfrzr
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.0008929	1
Reference	0	0.0008929	1

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — time series comparison

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_ice_pellets_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical ice pellets
short_name	cicep
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	2.119e-05	1
Reference	0	2.119e-05	1

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — time series comparison

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_rain_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical rain
short_name	crain
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.1443	1
P2	0	0.5572	1

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.3202	1
Reference	0	0.3202	1

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.2099	1
P1 Reference	0.2099	1
P2 Validation	0.6049	1
P2 Reference	0.6049	1

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

categorical_rain_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_rain_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_rain_surface — time series comparison

categorical_rain_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_snow_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical snow
short_name	csnow
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.01493	1
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.1223	1
Reference	0	0.1223	1

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

categorical_snow_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_snow_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_snow_surface — time series comparison

categorical_snow_surface — availability over append dim

`convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective available potential energy
short_name	cape
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_available_potential_energy
step_type	instant
comment	Energy released by a parcel lifted from the most unstable of six 30 hPa layers in the lowest 180 hPa, rather than from one parcel averaged over that depth.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	181	3719
P2	0	278.5	2266

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	139.1	3575

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	703.5	2647
P2 Validation	2	538	1963

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — full-period value time series

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — spatial comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — time series comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — availability over append dim

`convective_available_potential_energy_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective available potential energy
short_name	cape
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_available_potential_energy
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	139.8	3956
P2	0	323.5	2345

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	160	3859

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	629	2871
P2 Validation	4	669.1	2233

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — full-period value time series

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — spatial comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — time series comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — availability over append dim

`convective_inhibition_180_0mb`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective inhibition
short_name	cin
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_inhibition
step_type	instant
comment	Negative where there is inhibition and at or near zero where there is none.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-535.5	-35.33	0.4969
P2	-495.8	-21.77	0.4969

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-939.4	-10.08	-0.4126

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-360.8	-118.6	0.1418
P2 Validation	-105	-20.09	0.4648

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — full-period value time series

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — spatial comparison

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — time series comparison

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — availability over append dim

`convective_inhibition_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective inhibition
short_name	cin
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_inhibition
step_type	instant
comment	Negative where there is inhibition and at or near zero where there is none.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-660.3	-47.14	0.4941
P2	-480.2	-21.8	0.4104

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-977.2	-10.75	-0.2299

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-671.2	-170.7	0.3851
P2 Validation	-100.4	-13.98	0.454

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

convective_inhibition_surface — full-period value time series

convective_inhibition_surface — spatial comparison

convective_inhibition_surface — time series comparison

convective_inhibition_surface — availability over append dim

`dew_point_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre dewpoint temperature
short_name	2d
standard_name	dew_point_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-24.79	2.741	19.95
P2	11.81	19.19	24.59

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-78.21	3.134	28.59

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.053	15.54	19.45
P2 Validation	19.5	21.61	23.58

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

dew_point_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

dew_point_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — time series comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdlwrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	181	305.9	447
P2	329	379.2	431

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	58	311.2	528
Reference	58	311.2	528

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	341	388.7	437
P1 Reference	340	388.9	436
P2 Validation	380.4	397.5	434
P2 Reference	380	397.6	434

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward short-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdswrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	205.5	930
P2	0	245.7	930

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	180.5	956
Reference	0	180.5	956

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	289.7	940
P1 Reference	289.6	940
P2 Validation	294.5	920
P2 Reference	294.4	920

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant
comment	Values near 20,000m mark no cloud ceiling. Interpolation in the source mixes the no data value with real ceiling heights, so unusable values span a range rather than one value and are not converted to NaN. Mask values above 19,000m.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	771.5	1.761e+04	2e+04
P2	451.1	1.266e+04	2e+04

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	2.343	1.603e+04	2e+04
Reference	2.344	1.605e+04	2.003e+04

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	746.7	1.706e+04	2e+04
P1 Reference	746	1.706e+04	2.003e+04
P2 Validation	582.5	1.127e+04	2e+04
P2 Reference	582	1.127e+04	2.003e+04

Availability — 11444 of 17424 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2022-10-18T09:00)

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — time series comparison

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — availability over append dim

`ice_thickness_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Ice thickness
short_name	icetk
standard_name	floating_ice_thickness
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.173	5

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

ice_thickness_surface — full-period value time series

ice_thickness_surface — spatial comparison

ice_thickness_surface — time series comparison

ice_thickness_surface — availability over append dim

`latent_heat_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Latent heat flux
short_name	lhf
standard_name	surface_upward_latent_heat_flux
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-8.883	43.18	314.5
P2	34.53	145.6	364.1

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-83.67	67.82	572

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1.107	105.3	334.9
P2 Validation	49.26	118	172

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

latent_heat_flux_surface — full-period value time series

latent_heat_flux_surface — spatial comparison

latent_heat_flux_surface — time series comparison

latent_heat_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`maximum_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Maximum temperature
short_name	tmax
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	max
comment	Maximum value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-16.29	15.45	40.15
P2	20.51	24.45	27.9

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-58.85	9.633	48.25
Reference	-58.75	9.633	48.25

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	16.96	28.76	41.75
P1 Reference	17	28.76	41.75
P2 Validation	25.01	25.86	26.49
P2 Reference	25	25.85	26.5

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

maximum_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

maximum_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

maximum_temperature_2m — time series comparison

maximum_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`minimum_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Minimum temperature
short_name	tmin
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	min
comment	Minimum value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-17.5	11.41	37.9
P2	20.29	24.14	27.47

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-66.11	7.766	45.89
Reference	-66	7.771	46

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	15.73	24.34	39.99
P1 Reference	15.75	24.34	40
P2 Validation	24.82	25.56	26.23
P2 Reference	24.88	25.56	26.25

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

minimum_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

minimum_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

minimum_temperature_2m — time series comparison

minimum_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`percent_frozen_precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Percent frozen precipitation
short_name	cpofp
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant
comment	Negative values mark no precipitation. Interpolation in the source mixes the no data value with real percentages, so unusable values span a range rather than one value and are not converted to NaN. Mask values < -0.1.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-50	-46.55	58.3
P2	-50	-34.87	-6.104e-06

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-50	-33.87	100
Reference	-50	-33.87	100

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-50	-47.67	-4.6
P1 Reference	-50	-47.67	-4.594
P2 Validation	-50	-34.1	-6.104e-06
P2 Reference	-50	-34.11	-6.109e-06

Availability — 11444 of 17424 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2022-10-18T09:00)

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — time series comparison

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — availability over append dim

`precipitable_water_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Precipitable water
short_name	pwat
standard_name	atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	2	16.89	44.4
P2	14.6	31.26	55.6

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.1	20.69	75.1
Reference	0.1001	20.69	75

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	20.7	31.68	43.7
P1 Reference	20.75	31.68	43.75
P2 Validation	31.6	41.42	51.8
P2 Reference	31.62	41.41	51.75

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

precipitable_water_atmosphere — full-period value time series

precipitable_water_atmosphere — spatial comparison

precipitable_water_atmosphere — time series comparison

precipitable_water_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Pressure reduced to MSL
short_name	prmsl
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.944e+04	1.015e+05	1.036e+05
P2	1.009e+05	1.02e+05	1.027e+05

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.528e+04	1.011e+05	1.061e+05
Reference	9.53e+04	1.011e+05	1.061e+05

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.95e+04	1.009e+05	1.023e+05
P1 Reference	9.952e+04	1.009e+05	1.023e+05
P2 Validation	1.017e+05	1.021e+05	1.024e+05
P2 Reference	1.017e+05	1.021e+05	1.024e+05

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — time series comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — availability over append dim

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	MSLP (Eta model reduction)
short_name	mslet
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant
comment	Reduced to mean sea level by the Eta model method, unlike pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level in this dataset.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.925e+04	1.014e+05	1.035e+05
P2	1.01e+05	1.02e+05	1.027e+05

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.511e+04	1.011e+05	1.058e+05

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.93e+04	1.007e+05	1.022e+05
P2 Validation	1.017e+05	1.021e+05	1.024e+05

Availability — 15084 of 17424 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2021-07-20T09:00)

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — time series comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — availability over append dim

`pressure_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Surface pressure
short_name	sp
standard_name	surface_air_pressure
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.124e+04	9.307e+04	9.442e+04
P2	1.01e+05	1.02e+05	1.027e+05

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	5.051e+04	9.669e+04	1.031e+05
Reference	5.05e+04	9.669e+04	1.031e+05

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.158e+04	9.273e+04	9.392e+04
P1 Reference	9.158e+04	9.273e+04	9.395e+04
P2 Validation	1.017e+05	1.021e+05	1.024e+05
P2 Reference	1.017e+05	1.021e+05	1.024e+05

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

pressure_surface — full-period value time series

pressure_surface — time series comparison

pressure_surface — availability over append dim

`relative_humidity_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	2 metre relative humidity
short_name	2r
standard_name	relative_humidity
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	10.12	54.72	97.47
P2	53.8	73.17	87.54

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	2.461	76.71	99.96
Reference	2.453	76.74	100

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	13.86	54.98	99.95
P1 Reference	13.88	54.99	100
P2 Validation	70.18	78.11	87.24
P2 Reference	70	78.07	87

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

relative_humidity_2m — full-period value time series

relative_humidity_2m — spatial comparison

relative_humidity_2m — time series comparison

relative_humidity_2m — availability over append dim

`sensible_heat_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Sensible heat flux
short_name	shf
standard_name	surface_upward_sensible_heat_flux
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-84.69	40.78	441.2
P2	-1.384	10.24	53.96

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-185.5	18.04	482.5

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-79.61	51.42	290.5
P2 Validation	-3.235	5.675	13.9

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

sensible_heat_flux_surface — full-period value time series

sensible_heat_flux_surface — spatial comparison

sensible_heat_flux_surface — time series comparison

sensible_heat_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`snow_thickness_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Snow depth
short_name	sde
standard_name	surface_snow_thickness
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over open water.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.005622	0.15
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.3015	2.19

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

snow_thickness_surface — full-period value time series

snow_thickness_surface — spatial comparison

snow_thickness_surface — time series comparison

snow_thickness_surface — availability over append dim

`snow_water_equivalent_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Snow depth water equivalent
short_name	sd
standard_name	lwe_thickness_of_surface_snow_amount
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over open water.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.0006219	0.017
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.03755	0.415

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

snow_water_equivalent_surface — full-period value time series

snow_water_equivalent_surface — spatial comparison

snow_water_equivalent_surface — time series comparison

snow_water_equivalent_surface — availability over append dim

`soil_temperature_0_10cm`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Soil temperature
short_name	sot
standard_name	soil_temperature
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over water.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-10.73	13.89	32.04
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-56.35	1.751	55.45

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	18.75	25.57	32.09
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

soil_temperature_0_10cm — full-period value time series

soil_temperature_0_10cm — spatial comparison

soil_temperature_0_10cm — time series comparison

soil_temperature_0_10cm — availability over append dim

`storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m2 s-2`
long_name	Storm relative helicity
short_name	hlcy
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant
comment	Uses a right-moving storm motion in both hemispheres, so southern hemisphere values are positive-mean rather than mirrored. Some source values reach magnitudes near 100,000 m2 s-2, far above the roughly 1,500 m2 s-2 physical ceiling for this quantity. Mask absolute values above 2,000.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-142.3	139.8	2289
P2	-38.05	40.57	2289

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-6531	42.94	2429

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-27.75	140.3	468.9
P2 Validation	-43.26	31.61	69.13

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — full-period value time series

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — spatial comparison

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — time series comparison

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — availability over append dim

`temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre temperature
short_name	2t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-18.47	13.31	40.15
P2	20.47	24.32	27.78

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-64.36	8.735	46.94
Reference	-64.5	8.738	47

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	16.41	26.39	41.65
P1 Reference	16.38	26.4	41.75
P2 Validation	24.88	25.72	26.45
P2 Reference	24.88	25.71	26.5

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

temperature_2m — full-period value time series

temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Total cloud cover
short_name	tcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	39.63	100
P2	0	37.46	100

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	59.71	100
Reference	0	59.71	100

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	38.91	100
P1 Reference	38.91	100
P2 Validation	41.04	100
P2 Reference	41.04	100

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — full-period value time series

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — spatial comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — time series comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`total_precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Total precipitation
short_name	tp
standard_name	precipitation_amount
step_type	accum
comment	Total accumulated in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.2312	6.3
P2	0	0.3091	3.83

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.5694	85.1

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0.1443	4.1
P2 Validation	0	0.468	8

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

total_precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

total_precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

total_precipitation_surface — time series comparison

total_precipitation_surface — availability over append dim

`upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface upward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	sulwrf
standard_name	surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	244	386.6	578.5
P2	432	448.4	472

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	99.21	372.4	757.2

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	395.8	460.8	590.2
P2 Validation	449.7	454.5	459.4

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Upward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	ulwrf
standard_name	toa_outgoing_longwave_flux
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	167.7	248.5	338
P2	150.6	272.2	310.4

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	103.5	234.8	394.5

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	177.4	273.5	317.9
P2 Validation	189	265.7	286.4

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — full-period value time series

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — spatial comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — time series comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface upward short-wave radiation flux
short_name	suswrf
standard_name	surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) or 3 hour period (03, 09, 15, 21 UTC).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	37.59	250
P2	0	16.33	57

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	38.73	694

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	48.19	138
P2 Validation	0	19.01	55

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`visibility_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Visibility
short_name	vis
standard_name	visibility_in_air
step_type	instant
comment	Clipped at the maximum visibility this field encodes, about 24 km, where a large fraction of cells sit. The true visibility there is at least that far, not absent.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	1400	2.333e+04	2.41e+04
P2	4300	2.321e+04	2.41e+04

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	2.05e+04	2.41e+04

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	100	2.321e+04	2.41e+04
P2 Validation	3900	2.321e+04	2.41e+04

Availability — 11444 of 17424 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2022-10-18T09:00)

visibility_surface — full-period value time series

visibility_surface — time series comparison

visibility_surface — availability over append dim

`volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Volumetric soil moisture
short_name	vsw
standard_name	volume_fraction_of_condensed_water_in_soil
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over water. Over permanent land ice the value is a placeholder rather than soil moisture: near 1 on fully ice-covered cells and above about 0.5 where ice partly covers the cell.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0.083	0.1527	0.33
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.02	0.4689	1

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.116	0.1529	0.188
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — full-period value time series

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — spatial comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — time series comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — availability over append dim

`wind_gust_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	Wind speed (gust)
short_name	gust
standard_name	wind_speed_of_gust
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0.3023	7.693	21.72
P2	0.5002	6.808	15.22

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.01164	7.875	30.81
Reference	0.0116	7.871	30.75

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1	10.7	22.8
P1 Reference	1	10.69	22.75
P2 Validation	4.779	7.014	10.12
P2 Reference	4.75	7.014	10.12

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

wind_gust_surface — full-period value time series

wind_gust_surface — time series comparison

wind_gust_surface — availability over append dim

`wind_u_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre U wind component
short_name	10u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-8.631	0.104	10.61
P2	-12.73	-4.318	8.326

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-24.2	-0.1293	22.32
Reference	-24.25	-0.1289	22.25

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-6.293	-0.619	5.229
P1 Reference	-6.312	-0.6203	5.25
P2 Validation	-8.043	-5.729	-3.059
P2 Reference	-8	-5.731	-3.062

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

wind_u_10m — full-period value time series

wind_u_10m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre V wind component
short_name	10v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T21:00, sampled lead=None

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-10.81	-0.023	11.84
P2	-10.64	-0.2537	10.4

Spatial — 2024-06-15T12:00 (reference at 2024-06-15T12:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-19.02	0.3986	22.32
Reference	-19	0.3987	22.25

Temporal — 2024-06-15T12:00 - 2024-06-25T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-7.239	4.254	13.76
P1 Reference	-7.25	4.255	13.75
P2 Validation	-3.449	0.556	5.437
P2 Reference	-3.438	0.5566	5.438

Availability — 17424 of 17424 positions complete

wind_v_10m — full-period value time series

wind_v_10m — availability over append dim