Catalog > NOAA GEFS forecast, 10 day, 0.25 degree, virtual > Validation report

NOAA GEFS forecast, 10 day, 0.25 degree, virtual validation report

This dataset validation report plots a sample of values from the NOAA GEFS forecast, 10 day, 0.25 degree, virtual dataset over time and across space, comparing where possible to a previously validated reference dataset. It also reports the quantity of unavailable values and their associated timestamps. These analyses are one layer of a multi-layered dataset validation process we perform at dynamical.org and also provide users a preview of the dataset contents.

Report generation start time: 2026-09-18T01:56:55 UTC

Summary

This dataset has been reviewed and is ready for use. Four variables were added to the source partway through the archive, detailed in the review notes below.

What looks good

All 38 variables pass the data quality checklist — geometry, units, physical ranges, histogram overlap with the reference, diurnal phase, and full-period stability.
Decode health is clean: 104,780 sampled references decoded with no errors and no all-NaN variable.
Completeness is otherwise exhaustive: 8711 of 8712 init times carry every expected source file.
No unit, scale or coordinate bugs: temperatures decode to degrees Celsius, snow water equivalent to metres, maps are correctly oriented with no 0–360 seam, and no field carries banding introduced by this pipeline.
The documented variable conventions hold in the data, re-confirmed against a decoded source message: the 20,000 m no-cloud-ceiling marker, the visibility clip at 24.1 km, the −50 no-precipitation marker in percent frozen precipitation, the 1.0 permanent-land-ice placeholder in soil moisture, and the negative sign convention of both convective inhibition fields.

Review notes

Four variables were added to the source partway through the archive. Before the dates below they are absent, not missing data; every other variable is present from 2020-10-01.
- 2021-07-20T12:00 — pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model was added.
- 2022-10-18T12:00 — visibility_surface, percent_frozen_precipitation_surface and geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling were added at the GEFS b22 upgrade.
Init 2022-09-21T06:00 is missing 112 of its 2,511 source files. The published GRIB indexes and the GRIB files themselves do not match. This occurs at lead times 120 to 132 hours for most ensemble members and 144, 147 and 153 hours for the control member; every variable is NaN at those positions. See unavailable_timestamps.txt.

Datasets

Role	Name	ID	Version	URL
Validation	NOAA GEFS forecast, 10 day, 0.25 degree, virtual	`noaa-gefs-forecast-10-day-0-25-degree-virtual`	`v0.1.0`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-forecast-10-day-0-25-degree-virtual/v0.1.0.icechunk`
Reference	NOAA GEFS analysis	`noaa-gefs-analysis`	`0.1.2`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-analysis/v0.1.2.icechunk/`

Run parameters

Parameter	Value
Validation dataset type	forecast
Validation time range	init_time 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2026-09-17T18:00
Reference time range	time 2000-01-01T00:00 → 2026-09-17T18:00
Point 1	lat=40.0000, lon=-100.0000
Point 2	lat=0.0000, lon=-140.0000
Ensemble member	27
Spatial comparison time	init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)
Timeseries period	init=2026-09-01T00:00
Store type	virtual — availability manifest-probed; value series sampled

Availability

The plot below shows the availability of each variable over time — light red marks unavailable data, dark green marks present data.

availability heatmap

Variable	Complete positions	Incomplete %	First incomplete	Last incomplete
`geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling`	5722/8712	34.32%	2020-10-01T00:00	2022-10-18T06:00
`percent_frozen_precipitation_surface`	5722/8712	34.32%	2020-10-01T00:00	2022-10-18T06:00
`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model`	7542/8712	13.43%	2020-10-01T00:00	2021-07-20T06:00
`visibility_surface`	5722/8712	34.32%	2020-10-01T00:00	2022-10-18T06:00

Unavailable timestamps: unavailable_timestamps.txt

Decode health

104780 references decoded successfully, sampled across 20 of 8712 append-dim regions, 5 leads and 3 levels per group variable.

Per-variable details

`categorical_freezing_rain_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical freezing rain
short_name	cfrzr
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.001901	1
Reference	0	0.002296	1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — time series comparison

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_ice_pellets_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical ice pellets
short_name	cicep
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	1.156e-05	1
Reference	0	1.926e-06	1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — time series comparison

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_rain_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical rain
short_name	crain
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.1034	1
P2	0	0.3202	1

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.3259	1
Reference	0	0.3263	1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.2125	1
P1 Reference	0.3704	1
P2 Validation	0.85	1
P2 Reference	0.8395	1

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

categorical_rain_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_rain_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_rain_surface — time series comparison

categorical_rain_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_snow_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical snow
short_name	csnow
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.03448	1
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.1292	1
Reference	0	0.1309	1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

categorical_snow_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_snow_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_snow_surface — time series comparison

categorical_snow_surface — availability over append dim

`convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective available potential energy
short_name	cape
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_available_potential_energy
step_type	instant
comment	Energy released by a parcel lifted from the most unstable of six 30 hPa layers in the lowest 180 hPa, rather than from one parcel averaged over that depth.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	172.8	2678
P2	0	232	1488

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	145.9	3653

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	304.4	1047
P2 Validation	353	842.8	1193

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — full-period value time series

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — spatial comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — time series comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_180_0mb — availability over append dim

`convective_available_potential_energy_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective available potential energy
short_name	cape
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_available_potential_energy
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	146.3	2566
P2	0	304.1	1602

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	175.4	3987

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	233.6	1265
P2 Validation	384	1046	1477

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — full-period value time series

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — spatial comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — time series comparison

convective_available_potential_energy_surface — availability over append dim

`convective_inhibition_180_0mb`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective inhibition
short_name	cin
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_inhibition
step_type	instant
comment	Negative where there is inhibition and at or near zero where there is none.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-547.9	-37.99	0.4752
P2	-346.2	-25.28	0.4845

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-1199	-13.25	-0.1283

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-351.7	-79.28	0.4583
P2 Validation	-46.5	-4.869	0.4343

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — full-period value time series

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — spatial comparison

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — time series comparison

convective_inhibition_180_0mb — availability over append dim

`convective_inhibition_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`J kg-1`
long_name	Convective inhibition
short_name	cin
standard_name	atmosphere_convective_inhibition
step_type	instant
comment	Negative where there is inhibition and at or near zero where there is none.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-630.6	-44.76	0.4995
P2	-444.3	-24.67	0.4899

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-1187	-13.79	-0.1971

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-579.1	-128	0.4835
P2 Validation	-32.95	-2.441	0.4451

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

convective_inhibition_surface — full-period value time series

convective_inhibition_surface — spatial comparison

convective_inhibition_surface — time series comparison

convective_inhibition_surface — availability over append dim

`dew_point_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre dewpoint temperature
short_name	2d
standard_name	dew_point_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-21.88	2.872	20.25
P2	18.51	22.06	24.9

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-77.3	2.243	29.4

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	4.35	12.92	18.96
P2 Validation	22.85	24.25	24.95

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

dew_point_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

dew_point_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — time series comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdlwrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	180.4	307.4	429
P2	355	390.7	431

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	53	311.5	496
Reference	55	309.6	504

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	331	403.2	460
P1 Reference	330	391.4	444
P2 Validation	413	420.2	437
P2 Reference	402	421.3	442

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward short-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdswrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	206.6	950
P2	0	294.8	920

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	153.2	920.1
Reference	0	158.6	920

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	223.2	819
P1 Reference	243.9	828
P2 Validation	275.8	866.8
P2 Reference	293	888

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant
comment	Values near 20,000m mark no cloud ceiling. Interpolation in the source mixes the no data value with real ceiling heights, so unusable values span a range rather than one value and are not converted to NaN. Mask values above 19,000m.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	742.8	1.73e+04	2e+04
P2	446.7	1.468e+04	2e+04

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	2.686	1.285e+04	2e+04
Reference	2.102	1.62e+04	2.003e+04

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	3716	1.415e+04	2e+04
P1 Reference	3744	1.703e+04	2.003e+04
P2 Validation	450.8	4874	2e+04
P2 Reference	449	1.261e+04	2.003e+04

Availability — 5722 of 8712 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2022-10-18T06:00)

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — time series comparison

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — availability over append dim

`ice_thickness_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Ice thickness
short_name	icetk
standard_name	floating_ice_thickness
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0	0
P2	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.09648	5

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

ice_thickness_surface — full-period value time series

ice_thickness_surface — spatial comparison

ice_thickness_surface — time series comparison

ice_thickness_surface — availability over append dim

`latent_heat_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Latent heat flux
short_name	lhf
standard_name	surface_upward_latent_heat_flux
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-6.689	42.16	432.7
P2	13.33	93.91	223

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-108.1	67.59	637.6

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1.024	38.07	140.1
P2 Validation	82.3	182.7	249.9

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

latent_heat_flux_surface — full-period value time series

latent_heat_flux_surface — spatial comparison

latent_heat_flux_surface — time series comparison

latent_heat_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`maximum_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Maximum temperature
short_name	tmax
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	max
comment	Maximum value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-18.15	15.22	40.15
P2	22.07	25.54	28.95

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-62.5	9.083	48.7
Reference	-60.75	9.256	47

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	21.95	33.7	42.95
P1 Reference	19.25	30.61	40.25
P2 Validation	27.75	28.26	29.05
P2 Reference	27.88	28.65	29.25

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

maximum_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

maximum_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

maximum_temperature_2m — time series comparison

maximum_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`minimum_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Minimum temperature
short_name	tmin
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	min
comment	Minimum value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-21.89	12.27	36.04
P2	21.9	25.35	28.7

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-62.7	7.137	45.7
Reference	-69.5	7.169	44.25

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	19.55	27.97	40.76
P1 Reference	16.62	25.56	36.75
P2 Validation	27.35	27.99	28.91
P2 Reference	27.5	28.23	29

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

minimum_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

minimum_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

minimum_temperature_2m — time series comparison

minimum_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`percent_frozen_precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Percent frozen precipitation
short_name	cpofp
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant
comment	Negative values mark no precipitation. Interpolation in the source mixes the no data value with real percentages, so unusable values span a range rather than one value and are not converted to NaN. Mask values < -0.1.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-50	-43.92	100
P2	-50	-41.04	-6.104e-06

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-50	-23.57	100
Reference	-50	-30.11	100

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-50	-49.33	-9.3
P1 Reference	-50	-46.24	-6.109e-06
P2 Validation	-50	-24.49	-6.104e-06
P2 Reference	-50	-23.46	-6.109e-06

Availability — 5722 of 8712 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2022-10-18T06:00)

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — time series comparison

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — availability over append dim

`precipitable_water_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Precipitable water
short_name	pwat
standard_name	atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	2.5	16.92	46
P2	20.7	36.93	59.4

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.1	20.87	79.6
Reference	0.1001	20.99	80.5

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	16.2	32.73	40.7
P1 Reference	19.38	34.21	45.5
P2 Validation	40.8	50.56	57.4
P2 Reference	33	51.71	59.5

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

precipitable_water_atmosphere — full-period value time series

precipitable_water_atmosphere — spatial comparison

precipitable_water_atmosphere — time series comparison

precipitable_water_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Pressure reduced to MSL
short_name	prmsl
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.896e+04	1.014e+05	1.042e+05
P2	1.007e+05	1.011e+05	1.015e+05

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.541e+04	1.01e+05	1.05e+05
Reference	9.574e+04	1.01e+05	1.057e+05

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1.003e+05	1.009e+05	1.018e+05
P1 Reference	1.004e+05	1.011e+05	1.019e+05
P2 Validation	1.006e+05	1.009e+05	1.013e+05
P2 Reference	1.006e+05	1.009e+05	1.012e+05

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — time series comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — availability over append dim

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	MSLP (Eta model reduction)
short_name	mslet
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant
comment	Reduced to mean sea level by the Eta model method, unlike pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level in this dataset.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.858e+04	1.013e+05	1.041e+05
P2	1.007e+05	1.011e+05	1.015e+05

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.523e+04	1.01e+05	1.051e+05

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.991e+04	1.007e+05	1.016e+05
P2 Validation	1.005e+05	1.009e+05	1.013e+05

Availability — 7542 of 8712 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2021-07-20T06:00)

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — time series comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level_eta_model — availability over append dim

`pressure_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Surface pressure
short_name	sp
standard_name	surface_air_pressure
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	9.045e+04	9.299e+04	9.461e+04
P2	1.007e+05	1.011e+05	1.015e+05

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	5.063e+04	9.66e+04	1.038e+05
Reference	5.062e+04	9.658e+04	1.038e+05

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.224e+04	9.279e+04	9.35e+04
P1 Reference	9.235e+04	9.295e+04	9.363e+04
P2 Validation	1.005e+05	1.009e+05	1.013e+05
P2 Reference	1.006e+05	1.009e+05	1.012e+05

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

pressure_surface — full-period value time series

pressure_surface — time series comparison

pressure_surface — availability over append dim

`relative_humidity_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	2 metre relative humidity
short_name	2r
standard_name	relative_humidity
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	10.12	52.98	96.94
P2	70.14	81.48	93.69

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	1.787	76.32	99.99
Reference	2.406	76.8	100

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	15.36	36.55	82.82
P1 Reference	17.5	49.42	93
P2 Validation	72	79.45	82.66
P2 Reference	66	78.04	85.5

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

relative_humidity_2m — full-period value time series

relative_humidity_2m — spatial comparison

relative_humidity_2m — time series comparison

relative_humidity_2m — availability over append dim

`sensible_heat_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Sensible heat flux
short_name	shf
standard_name	surface_upward_sensible_heat_flux
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-121.1	40.48	487.6
P2	-5.353	1.619	15.01

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-165.6	13.11	602

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-70.13	56.12	361.5
P2 Validation	1.314	11.11	21.17

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

sensible_heat_flux_surface — full-period value time series

sensible_heat_flux_surface — spatial comparison

sensible_heat_flux_surface — time series comparison

sensible_heat_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`snow_thickness_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Snow depth
short_name	sde
standard_name	surface_snow_thickness
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over open water.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.005369	0.17
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.3222	2.06

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

snow_thickness_surface — full-period value time series

snow_thickness_surface — spatial comparison

snow_thickness_surface — time series comparison

snow_thickness_surface — availability over append dim

`snow_water_equivalent_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Snow depth water equivalent
short_name	sd
standard_name	lwe_thickness_of_surface_snow_amount
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over open water.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.0005222	0.015
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.0411	0.415

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

snow_water_equivalent_surface — full-period value time series

snow_water_equivalent_surface — spatial comparison

snow_water_equivalent_surface — time series comparison

snow_water_equivalent_surface — availability over append dim

`soil_temperature_0_10cm`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Soil temperature
short_name	sot
standard_name	soil_temperature
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over water.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-14.15	14.33	32.35
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-57.19	1.571	51.01

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	26	30.73	35.8
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

soil_temperature_0_10cm — full-period value time series

soil_temperature_0_10cm — spatial comparison

soil_temperature_0_10cm — time series comparison

soil_temperature_0_10cm — availability over append dim

`storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m2 s-2`
long_name	Storm relative helicity
short_name	hlcy
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant
comment	Uses a right-moving storm motion in both hemispheres, so southern hemisphere values are positive-mean rather than mirrored. Some source values reach magnitudes near 100,000 m2 s-2, far above the roughly 1,500 m2 s-2 physical ceiling for this quantity. Mask absolute values above 2,000.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-184.6	125.5	823
P2	-138.5	-10.21	68.75

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-399.8	46.08	1010

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-48.27	71.82	239.2
P2 Validation	-104	52.34	155.6

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — full-period value time series

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — spatial comparison

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — time series comparison

storm_relative_helicity_3000_0m — availability over append dim

`temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre temperature
short_name	2t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-18.15	13.82	40.17
P2	21.91	25.47	28.87

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-62.69	7.988	47.21
Reference	-69.5	7.999	44

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	19.72	30.81	41.56
P1 Reference	16.62	27.88	40.25
P2 Validation	27.46	28.13	28.99
P2 Reference	27.62	28.47	29.12

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

temperature_2m — full-period value time series

temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Total cloud cover
short_name	tcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	40.58	100
P2	0	27.94	100

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	62.39	100
Reference	0	59.5	100

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	52.33	100
P1 Reference	0	36.12	100
P2 Validation	15	76.36	100
P2 Reference	0	54.84	100

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — full-period value time series

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — spatial comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — time series comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`total_precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Total precipitation
short_name	tp
standard_name	precipitation_amount
step_type	accum
comment	Total accumulated in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	0.1309	13.28
P2	0	0.08911	1.96

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.6605	207.1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0.09075	1.2
P2 Validation	0	0.4834	3

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

total_precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

total_precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

total_precipitation_surface — time series comparison

total_precipitation_surface — availability over append dim

`upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface upward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	sulwrf
standard_name	surface_upwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	249.7	388.3	595
P2	428.3	450.3	472

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	89	368.2	687

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	409	487.4	602
P2 Validation	470	471.4	472.5

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Upward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	ulwrf
standard_name	toa_outgoing_longwave_flux
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	135.4	246	331.7
P2	205.9	287.8	310.9

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	95.07	230.6	360.1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	173.1	263.8	317.8
P2 Validation	196	244.8	282.2

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — full-period value time series

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — spatial comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — time series comparison

upward_long_wave_radiation_flux_top_of_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface upward short-wave radiation flux
short_name	suswrf
standard_name	surface_upwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg
comment	Average value in the last 6 hour period (lead times 6, 12, 18, ... hours) or 3 hour period (lead times 3, 9, 15, ... hours).

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0	42.07	366
P2	0	19.5	55

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	22.98	639.2

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	39.17	129.1
P2 Validation	0	17.48	52.01

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

upward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`visibility_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Visibility
short_name	vis
standard_name	visibility_in_air
step_type	instant
comment	Clipped at the maximum visibility this field encodes, about 24 km, where a large fraction of cells sit. The true visibility there is at least that far, not absent.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	500	2.318e+04	2.41e+04
P2	1.49e+04	2.394e+04	2.41e+04

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	2.009e+04	2.41e+04

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1.19e+04	2.39e+04	2.41e+04
P2 Validation	9300	2.308e+04	2.41e+04

Availability — 5722 of 8712 positions complete (incomplete 2020-10-01T00:00 → 2022-10-18T06:00)

visibility_surface — full-period value time series

visibility_surface — time series comparison

visibility_surface — availability over append dim

`volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Volumetric soil moisture
short_name	vsw
standard_name	volume_fraction_of_condensed_water_in_soil
step_type	instant
comment	NaN over water. Over permanent land ice the value is a placeholder rather than soil moisture: near 1 on fully ice-covered cells and above about 0.5 where ice partly covers the cell.

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0.083	0.1491	0.292
P2	n/a	n/a	n/a

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.02	0.4581	1

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.098	0.116	0.142
P2 Validation	n/a	n/a	n/a

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — full-period value time series

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — spatial comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — time series comparison

volumetric_soil_moisture_0_10cm — availability over append dim

`wind_gust_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	Wind speed (gust)
short_name	gust
standard_name	wind_speed_of_gust
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	0.8	7.933	21.3
P2	2.611	7.953	13.33

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.001504	8.257	39.9
Reference	0.02759	7.977	63

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1.9	7.152	16.96
P1 Reference	1.125	6.688	16.25
P2 Validation	3.442	8.386	12.25
P2 Reference	1	6.092	10.38

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

wind_gust_surface — full-period value time series

wind_gust_surface — time series comparison

wind_gust_surface — availability over append dim

`wind_u_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre U wind component
short_name	10u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-7.801	-0.02172	12.85
P2	-9.143	-5.705	3.313

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-32.99	0.1971	32.26
Reference	-53	0.2352	49.5

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-4.124	0.1381	4.192
P1 Reference	-5.312	-0.8488	4.438
P2 Validation	-9.141	-6.038	-1.872
P2 Reference	-5.938	-3.591	-0.6016

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

wind_u_10m — full-period value time series

wind_u_10m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre V wind component
short_name	10v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2020-10-01T00:00 - 2026-09-17T18:00, sampled lead=3h, member=0

Point	min	mean	max
P1	-10.95	0.193	10.92
P2	-4.211	1.367	6.747

Spatial — init=2026-09-01T00:00, lead=66h (reference at 2026-09-03T18:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-30.36	0.498	31.94
Reference	-45.5	0.3913	54.5

Temporal — init=2026-09-01T00:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-6.928	2.225	8.266
P1 Reference	-5.188	2.509	10
P2 Validation	0.504	4.078	8.049
P2 Reference	-1.812	3.555	8.125

Availability — 8712 of 8712 positions complete

wind_v_10m — full-period value time series

wind_v_10m — availability over append dim